

In other words, it has never really stopped: fairy tales shape our worldview and stalk our literature – not just in Calvino and Carter but in Byatt and Rushdie too. Marina Warner – whose new short book about fairy tales, Once Upon a Time, is just out – wrote her seminal work From the Beast to the Blonde in 1994. By the time Carter turned the form inside out with her own stories in The Bloody Chamber (1979), the historian Jack Zipes was at work on his many unearthings of fairy tale history. The psychoanalyst Bruno Bettelheim – who had survived two concentration camps – wrote his influential study The Uses of Enchantment in 1976 Angela Carter was translating Charles Perrault from French then too, and she compiled two volumes of fairy tales from all over the world for Virago.

After the war, radical German writers objected, for obvious historical reasons, to the conservative groundwork they felt had been laid by the Grimms.
